• A central processor (CPU) with the control, timing, and logic circuits.
• A memory to store a program or algorithm
• Data memory to store variables used by the program
• External interfacing devices.

In relation of Boolean variables, the basic elements of a digital computer-a CPU with associated registers, program memory, addressable data RAM, and I/O capability are as follows. 

CPU
The 8051 CPU incorporates special logic devoted to executing several bit-wide operations. There are 17 such bit level instructions.

PROGRAM MEMORY
Bit-processing instructions are fetched from the same program memory as other arithmetic and logical operations. In addition to the 17 bit level instructions, several sophisticated program control features like multiple addressing modes, subroutine nesting, and a two-level interrupt structure are useful in structuring Boolean Processor based programs.

Boolean instructions are one, two, or three bytes long, depending on what function they perform, Those involving only the carry flag have either a single-byte opcode or an opcode followed by a conditional-branch destination byte .The more general instructions add a "direct address" byte after the opcode to specify the bit affected, yielding two or three byte encoding. Though this format allows potentially 256 directly addressable bit locations, not of them are implemented in the 8051 family.

DATA MEMORY
The instructions can operate directly upon 144 general purpose bits forming the Boolean processor "RAM." These bits can be used as software flags or to store program variables. Two oprand instructions use the CPU's carry flag ("C") as a special one-bit register: in a sense, the carry is a "Boolean accumulator" for logical operations and data transfers.

INPUT OPUTPUT
All 32 I/O pins can be addressed as individual inputs, outputs, or both, in any combination. Any pin can be a control strobe output, status (Test) input, or serial I/O link implemented via software. An additional 33 individually addressable bits reconfigure, control, and monitor the status of the CPU and all on chip peripheral functions (timer counters, serial port modes, interrupt logic ete).

ADVANTAGE. OF BOOLEAN PROCESSOR

• Applications are simple to write since the architecture correlates more closely with the problems being solved.
• Easier to debug because more individual instructions have no unexpected or undesirable side effects.
• More byte efficient due to direct bit addressing and program counter relative branching 
• Faster execution because fewer bytes of instruction need to be fetched and fewer conditional jumps are processed
• Lower cost because of the high level of system-integration within one component.